# PT-141 References: The Cited Studies, Label, and Reviews

> PT-141 references: the full citation list for bremelanotide — the RECONNECT trials, the fMRI study, the FDA label, the effect-size re-analyses, and the preclinical record, with DOIs and PubMed links.

Every quantitative claim on this site resolves to one of these sources. Pharmaceutical primary literature, the FDA label, and the published re-analyses.

## How to read this list

These are the PT-141 references behind every figure on this site — the trials, the FDA prescribing information, the mechanistic and preclinical work, and the published critiques. Where a study carries an editorial caveat, that caveat is noted with it: reference 13 carries a 2023 Expression of Concern, and reference 14 is a corporate press release usable only for development-status statements. Primary sources are PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, DailyMed, and the NIH Bookshelf.

## References

[1] Molinoff PB, Shadiack AM, Earle D, Diamond LE, Quon CY. PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:96-102. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12851303/
[2] Pfaus J, Shadiack A, Van Soest T, Tse M, Molinoff P. Selective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:10201-10204. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15226502/
[3] Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Simon JA. Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):899-908. (NCT02333071) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599840/
[4] Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Clayton AH. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):909-917. (NCT02333071) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599847/
[5] Thurston L, Hunjan T, Mills EG, Wall MB, Ertl N, Phylactou M, et al. Melanocortin 4 receptor agonism enhances sexual brain processing in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. J Clin Invest. 2022;132(19):e152341. (NCT04179734) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36189794/
[6] U.S. Food and Drug Administration / DailyMed. Bremelanotide Injection — US Prescribing Information. 2019. (NDA 210557) https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=8c9607a2-5b57-4a59-b159-cf196deebdd9
[7] National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (LiverTox). Bremelanotide — LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. NCBI Bookshelf. 2021. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK573221/
[8] Spielmans GI. Re-Analyzing Phase III Bremelanotide Trials for "Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder" in Women. J Sex Res. 2021;58(9):1085-1105. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33678061/
[9] Spielmans GI. Small Effects, Questionable Outcomes: Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. J Sex Res. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36809187/
[10] Edinoff AN, Sanders NM, Lewis KB, Apgar TL, Cornett EM, Kaye AM, Kaye AD. Bremelanotide for Treatment of Female Hypoactive Sexual Desire. Neurol Int. 2022;14(1):75-88. https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint14010006
[11] Dooley AB, Houssaini AS, Tsai T, Ramasamy R. Use of Telemedicine for Sexual Medicine Patients. Sex Med Rev. 2020;8(4):507-517. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32739238/
[12] Borland JM, Kohut-Jackson AL, Peyla AC, Hall MA, Mermelstein PG, Meisel RL. Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Neuropharmacology. 2025;:110299. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39793696/
[13] Safarinejad MR, Hosseini SY. Salvage of Sildenafil Failures With Bremelanotide: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Study. J Urol. 2008;179(3):1066-1071. [Expression of Concern published 2023, J Urol; PMID 36626345 — treat findings as disputed.] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18206919/
[14] Palatin Technologies, Inc. Palatin Announces the Initiation of a Phase 2 Clinical Study of Bremelanotide Co-Administered with a PDE5i for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction (ED). Corporate press release. 2024. [Development-status statements only; not peer-reviewed.] https://palatin.com/press_releases/palatin-announces-the-initiation-of-a-phase-2-clinical-study-of-bremelanotide-co-administered-with-a-pde5i-for-the-treatment-of-erectile-dysfunction-ed/

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A precision-metrology readout of the bremelanotide record — each measured value logged to its study and tagged in-spec or disputed, the effect-size debate kept beside the number it qualifies and the field reports fenced off the calibrated panel; no clinic behind the instrument and nothing here dosed, dispensed, or sold.